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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping those interested in science understand the concept of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It includes the most important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is used in many spiritual traditions and cultures as symbolizing unity and love. It has numerous practical applications in addition to providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The earliest attempts to depict the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods are based on the collection of various parts of organisms, or fragments of DNA have greatly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. However the trees are mostly made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.<br><br>In avoiding the necessity of direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise way. Trees can be constructed using molecular techniques such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity remains to be discovered. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which can be difficult to cultivate and are often only present in a single specimen5. Recent analysis of all genomes has produced an initial draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a variety of bacteria, archaea and other organisms that haven't yet been isolated or the diversity of which is not fully understood6.<br><br>This expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a particular area and determine if specific habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective medicines to combating disease to enhancing the quality of the quality of crops. It is also valuable for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that could be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. Although funding to safeguard biodiversity are vital however, the most effective method to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to act locally to promote conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between various groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits can be analogous, or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary roots, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits into a grouping referred to as a clade. For instance, all of the organisms in a clade share the trait of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. The clades then join to form a phylogenetic branch that can identify organisms that have the closest connection to each other. <br><br>To create a more thorough and precise phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolution history of an organism. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers determine the number of species who share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors such as phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behavior  무료 에볼루션 ([http://45.45.238.98:3000/evolution8452 45.45.238.98]) that changes as a result of particular environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar in one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be cured by the use of methods such as cladistics that combine analogous and homologous features into the tree.<br><br>In addition, phylogenetics can help predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists decide the species they should safeguard from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism would evolve according to its own requirements, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the use or non-use of traits can lead to changes that are passed on to the<br><br>In the 1930s &amp; 1940s, theories from various fields,  [https://elsingoteo.com/@evolution0280?page=about 에볼루션 블랙잭] [https://code.thintz.com/evolution8057 바카라 에볼루션]사이트 ([http://carecall.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=39436 carecall.Co.kr]) such as natural selection, genetics &amp; particulate inheritance, came together to create a modern evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution happens through the variation of genes in a population and how these variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which includes mutations, genetic drift as well as gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that variation can be introduced into a species via mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and also through the movement of populations. These processes, in conjunction with others such as directional selection and gene erosion (changes in frequency of genotypes over time) can lead to evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education can increase students' understanding of phylogeny as well as evolution. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example, showed that teaching about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college-level biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, please look up The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally, scientists have studied evolution by studying fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. Evolution is not a past event; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications and animals change their behavior in response to a changing planet. The changes that result are often easy to see.<br><br>However, it wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key to this is that different traits result in an individual rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed on from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a group of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more common than other alleles. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>The ability to observe evolutionary change is much easier when a species has a rapid generation turnover, as with bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that descend from one strain. The samples of each population have been taken regularly, and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the rate of a population's reproduction. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that is hard for some to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in populations in which insecticides are utilized. This is due to pesticides causing a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing awareness of its significance especially in a planet that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss that hinders many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter decisions about the future of our planet, as well as the lives of its inhabitants.