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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biological evolution is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects all areas of scientific exploration.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It has the most important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It also has many practical applications, like providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they respond to changes in the environment.<br><br>The first attempts at depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods are based on the collection of various parts of organisms, or fragments of DNA, have greatly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.<br><br>By avoiding the necessity for direct experimentation and observation, genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. Particularly, molecular methods enable us to create trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.<br><br>Despite the rapid growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still is waiting to be discovered. This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only found in a single specimen5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>This expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats need special protection. This information can be utilized in many ways, including finding new drugs, fighting diseases and improving crops. This information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas that are most likely to have species that are cryptic, which could perform important metabolic functions and are susceptible to human-induced change. Although funds to protect biodiversity are essential but the most effective way to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to act locally in order to promote conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) depicts the relationships between organisms. Utilizing molecular data, morphological similarities and differences or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Phylogeny is crucial in understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits may be homologous, or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits might appear similar, but they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping called a the clade. For instance, all the organisms that make up a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs. The clades then join to form a phylogenetic branch that can determine the organisms with the closest connection to each other. <br><br>For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to determine the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify the number of organisms that have an ancestor common to all.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic plasticity a type of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar in one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be solved through the use of methods like cladistics, which include a mix of analogous and homologous features into the tree.<br><br>In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information can aid conservation biologists to make decisions about which species they should protect from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The main idea behind evolution is that organisms acquire various characteristics over time as a result of their interactions with their environments. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing gradually according to its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, such as genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, came together to form a contemporary synthesis of evolution theory. This describes how evolution happens through the variation of genes in the population and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is the foundation of modern evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.<br><br>Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed how variations can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can lead to evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in an individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can improve students' understanding of phylogeny and evolution. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence supporting evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college-level biology class. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, read The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a past event; it is an ongoing process that continues to be observed today. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and elude new medications and animals change their behavior in response to the changing environment. The resulting changes are often visible.<br><br>However,  [https://csmtube.exagopartners.com/@evolution0030?page=about 에볼루션 무료 바카라] it wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits result in an individual rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths sporting black pigmentation in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to observe evolutionary change when a species,  [http://83.229.125.195:8418/evolutionkr3206 에볼루션 슬롯게임] [https://git.homains.org/evolution6887 바카라 에볼루션]사이트 ([http://babybee.games/evolutionkr1093 http://babybee.games/evolutionkr1093]) such as bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. coli that descended from a single strain; samples of each are taken regularly and over 50,000 generations have now been observed.<br><br>Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the efficiency with the rate at which a population reproduces,  [https://021lyrics.com/index.php?title=User:JosephineV65 에볼루션 무료 바카라] and consequently the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that some people are unable to accept.<br><br>Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations that have used insecticides. Pesticides create a selective pressure which favors those with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapid pace at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder the species from adapting. Understanding evolution will help us make better choices about the future of our planet and the life of its inhabitants.