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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each other. It is often viewed as a part or language, however it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics,  [https://bio.rogstecnologia.com.br/gradysayers 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] and they have contributed to its growth and development. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database used. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that hearers use to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and  [https://morphomics.science/wiki/Undisputed_Proof_You_Need_Pragmatic_Casino 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] 무료 ([https://pediascape.science/wiki/What_Is_The_Reason_Pragmatic_Ranking_Is_Fast_Becoming_The_Hottest_Trend_Of_2024 https://pediascape.Science]) how it is used influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the way the meaning and [https://fkwiki.win/wiki/Post:The_Three_Greatest_Moments_In_Pragmatic_Korea_History 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] [https://elearnportal.science/wiki/11_Ways_To_Completely_Redesign_Your_How_To_Check_The_Authenticity_Of_Pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯] 팁 ([https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/Why_Nobody_Cares_About_Pragmatic_Site your input here]) usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, based on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in this field. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics,  [https://inchactive5.bravejournal.net/this-is-the-advanced-guide-to-pragmatickr 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people actually mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and [https://king-wifi.win/wiki/Responsible_For_A_Pragmatic_Genuine_Budget_10_Wonderful_Ways_To_Spend_Your_Money 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯] physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and [https://day-dudley.mdwrite.net/what-to-look-for-to-determine-if-youre-prepared-to-pragmatic-experience/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, [https://021lyrics.com/index.php?title=User:VeronaGoffage16 프라그마틱] yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways that an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax,  [https://klit-poole.thoughtlanes.net/the-most-effective-pragmatic-demo-tricks-to-make-a-difference-in-your-life/ 프라그마틱] semantics etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more depth. Both papers address the notions of a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major  [https://wifidb.science/wiki/Pay_Attention_Watch_Out_For_How_Pragmatic_Game_Is_Taking_Over_And_What_To_Do_About_It 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] 슬롯 하는법 [[https://menwiki.men/wiki/How_To_Build_Successful_Pragmatic_Return_Rate_Tips_From_Home menwiki.men]] questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 04:58, 9 February 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people actually mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and Anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, 프라그마틱 yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the best pragmatics authors solely according to the number of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways that an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, 프라그마틱 semantics etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language influence our theories about how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more depth. Both papers address the notions of a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logic implications of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics, one of the major 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지 슬롯 하는법 [menwiki.men] questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.