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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often viewed as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled many of the debates. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to the facts about what was actually said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. These are topics that are addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Others, [http://brewwiki.win/wiki/Post:15_Weird_Hobbies_Thatll_Make_You_Smarter_At_Pragmatic_Official_Website 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, [https://rafn-bladt.federatedjournals.com/20-insightful-quotes-about-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-1734319371/ 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and  [https://boyd-storgaard-2.hubstack.net/11-creative-ways-to-write-about-pragmatic-official-website/ 프라그마틱 홈페이지] expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, such as pragmatics that are computational and  프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 ([https://elearnportal.science/wiki/Pay_Attention_Watch_Out_For_How_Pragmatic_Slots_Experience_Is_Taking_Over_And_What_Can_We_Do_About_It Elearnportal.Science]) formal theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two views and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and  [https://sciencewiki.science/wiki/7_Essential_Tips_For_Making_The_Most_Out_Of_Your_Pragmatic_Slot_Buff 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and [https://gm6699.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=3473930 프라그마틱 슬롯] 홈페이지 ([https://atomcraft.ru/user/incomecuban27/ click here to read]) the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an phrase can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and 슬롯 - [https://www.dermandar.com/user/couchcolony6/ dermandar.com] - also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to keep eye contact. In other cultures, [https://doodleordie.com/profile/raybank68 프라그마틱 순위] it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive,  [https://raumlaborlaw.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=1622287 프라그마틱 홈페이지] systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and [http://wiki.team2102.org/index.php?title=Pragmatic_Slots_Site_101:_The_Ultimate_Guide_For_Beginners 프라그마틱 홈페이지] that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 12:15, 14 February 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one with one another. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user intends to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research area it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and 프라그마틱 슬롯 홈페이지 (click here to read) the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an phrase can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and 슬롯 - dermandar.com - also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that listeners employ to determine whether words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.

The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects that they could or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to keep eye contact. In other cultures, 프라그마틱 순위 it's considered rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language, and meaning.

One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, 프라그마틱 홈페이지 systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an utterance could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures.