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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and [https://getsocialpr.com/story19006085/it-is-a-fact-that-live-casino-is-the-best-thing-you-can-get-live-casino 프라그마틱 무료] its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors by their publications only. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also examines the strategies that hearers use to determine which phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, [https://social-medialink.com/story3435242/the-little-known-benefits-of-pragmatic-free-trial 프라그마틱 홈페이지] alongside syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are: formal and [https://pragmatickr-com75319.canariblogs.com/10-real-reasons-people-dislike-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-45117745 프라그마틱 정품확인] computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical features and the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, [https://bookmarklinx.com/story18183475/pragmatic-slot-buff-s-history-of-pragmatic-slot-buff-in-10-milestones 프라그마틱 플레이] Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics,  [https://bbs.pku.edu.cn/v2/jump-to.php?url=https://anotepad.com/notes/tgayhs3q 프라그마틱 정품확인] [https://championsleage.review/wiki/20_Trailblazers_Leading_The_Way_In_Pragmatic_Image 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯] 추천 ([https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/Whats_The_Reason_Pragmatic_Demo_Is_Fastly_Changing_Into_The_Hottest_Trend_Of_2024 Marvelvsdc blog post]) but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and  [https://lamantstudio.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=3626573 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways that an expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without referring to any facts about what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right,  [https://www.totaldb.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=319786 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and [https://timeoftheworld.date/wiki/10_Things_Youll_Need_To_Learn_About_Pragmatic_Genuine 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯] 정품 ([https://mozillabd.science/wiki/Do_Not_Buy_Into_These_Trends_About_Pragmatic mozillabd.science]) beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 14:05, 10 February 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each other. It is often thought of as a part or language, but it is different from semantics in that it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, 프라그마틱 정품확인 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 추천 (Marvelvsdc blog post) but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways that an expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages function.

The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without referring to any facts about what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the study is a discipline in its own right, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views about the line between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 정품 (mozillabd.science) beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.

The debate over these positions is usually a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that they are all valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.