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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how language users interact and communicate with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in physical and  [https://bookmarkproduct.com/story18167291/12-companies-are-leading-the-way-in-free-slot-pragmatic 프라그마틱 홈페이지] mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics according to the number of publications they have. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It studies the ways in which one utterance can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline because it examines how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more in depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It examines the way the human language is utilized in social interactions and [https://funbookmarking.com/story18065548/15-amazing-facts-about-pragmatic-slot-tips-that-you-never-knew 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, based on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For  [https://webnowmedia.com/story3373268/pragmatic-return-rate-tips-from-the-top-in-the-industry 프라그마틱 무료스핀] instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, [https://esocialmall.com/story3399503/you-will-meet-the-steve-jobs-of-the-pragmatic-korea-industry 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics and the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular instances fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For [https://topsocialplan.com/story3488178/7-things-about-pragmatic-official-website-you-ll-kick-yourself-for-not-knowing 프라그마틱 이미지] example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is still young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology,  [https://trade-britanica.trade/wiki/10_Facts_About_Free_Slot_Pragmatic_That_Will_Instantly_Put_You_In_Good_Mood 프라그마틱 정품확인] psychology, sociolinguistics and [https://manningmadsen34.livejournal.com/profile/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 슬롯 하는법 ([https://valetinowiki.racing/wiki/The_Top_Reasons_People_Succeed_Within_The_Pragmatic_Slots_Industry mouse click the following internet site]) the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, [https://hotelsystem.hu/doc/index.php/20_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Websites_Taking_The_Internet_By_Storm 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, truth,  [https://androidapplications.store/user/TaniaGill89297/ 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] or. It focuses on the ways in which one utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in this field. There are a variety of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, [https://lovewiki.faith/wiki/How_To_Make_An_Amazing_Instagram_Video_About_Pragmatic_Image 프라그마틱 무료게임] which address issues such as the role of lexical features, the interaction between discourse and language, and [https://clinfowiki.win/wiki/Post:Pragmatic_Tools_To_Simplify_Your_Life_Everyday 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 04:12, 7 February 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each one another. It is often thought of as a component of language, but it is different from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.

As a research area it is still young and its research has grown quickly in the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, 프라그마틱 정품확인 psychology, sociolinguistics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 슬롯 하는법 (mouse click the following internet site) the study of anthropology.

There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, however their rankings differ by database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, truth, 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 or. It focuses on the ways in which one utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one however, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work.

There are several key issues in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of many of the debates. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics is already determining the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in this field. There are a variety of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, 프라그마틱 무료게임 which address issues such as the role of lexical features, the interaction between discourse and language, and 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it's possible to provide a thorough and systematic analysis of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.