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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language,  [https://vikingwebtest.berry.edu/ICS/Berry_Community/Group_Management/Berry_Investment_Group_BIG/Discussion.jnz?portlet=Forums&screen=PostView&screenType=change&id=61df9ab3-3c46-49dc-aa3e-bebfba9dccc9 프라그마틱 슬롯] context and meaning. It deals with questions like: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak find meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and [http://fifaua.org/user/tailorcloset3/ 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] 정품확인방법 ([http://bridgehome.cn/copydog/home.php?mod=space&uid=1736021 Bridgehome.cn]) lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is because pragmatics is an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also examines the strategies that listeners employ to determine which utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics. Others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others, however, have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself because it examines the ways people interpret and [https://funsilo.date/wiki/14_Common_Misconceptions_About_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial 프라그마틱 무료스핀] use language, without using any data about what is actually being said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intent of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines, like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that semantics is already determining certain aspects of the meaning of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. There are a variety of areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical features and the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear,  [https://maps.google.com.sa/url?q=https://soycrocus30.werite.net/15-reasons-not-to-ignore-pragmatic-slots-free-trial 프라그마틱 플레이] 추천 - [http://xn--0lq70ey8yz1b.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=301205 just click the up coming site] - and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that particular instances are a part of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if a statement has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often viewed as a part of language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more detail. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and [https://images.google.com.ly/url?q=https://crowdway53.bravejournal.net/how-to-create-successful-pragmatic-guides-with-home 프라그마틱 홈페이지] 정품 확인법 ([http://tongcheng.jingjincloud.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=200534 tongcheng.Jingjincloud.cn]) free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of a statement. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, [https://fkwiki.win/wiki/Post:The_Top_Reasons_For_Pragmatic_Free_Games_Biggest_Myths_Concerning_Pragmatic_Free_Game_Could_Actually_Be_True 프라그마틱 추천] and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to look at each other but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.<br><br>The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that certain instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and [https://maps.google.mw/url?q=https://lilacpants17.bravejournal.net/what-is-pragmatic-slots-free-and-why-is-everyone-speakin-about-it 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.

Revision as of 16:00, 23 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how language users interact and communicate with one with one another. It is often viewed as a part of language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts such as politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more detail. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and 프라그마틱 홈페이지 정품 확인법 (tongcheng.Jingjincloud.cn) free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He claims that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of a statement. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, 프라그마틱 추천 and listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to look at each other but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics like semantics and syntax, or philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues like the importance of lexical characteristics, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same.

The debate between these positions is usually an ongoing debate scholars argue that certain instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.