20 Insightful Quotes About Free Pragmatic: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is..."
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It differs from idealism, which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and  [https://getsocialpr.com/story19006085/it-is-a-fact-that-live-casino-is-the-best-thing-you-can-get-live-casino 프라그마틱 무료] its research has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors by their publications only. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini for instance, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also examines the strategies that hearers use to determine which phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, [https://social-medialink.com/story3435242/the-little-known-benefits-of-pragmatic-free-trial 프라그마틱 홈페이지] alongside syntax, phonology semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For example, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not a subject in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we think about the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects which they may or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in various situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are: formal and [https://pragmatickr-com75319.canariblogs.com/10-real-reasons-people-dislike-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic-45117745 프라그마틱 정품확인] computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical features and the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938,  [https://bookmarklinx.com/story18183475/pragmatic-slot-buff-s-history-of-pragmatic-slot-buff-in-10-milestones 프라그마틱 플레이] Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and  [https://gitea.kyosakuyo.com/pragmaticplay7371 프라그마틱 데모] its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, [http://121.37.166.0:3000/pragmaticplay0730 프라그마틱] focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, [https://corvestcorp.com/companies/pragmatic-kr/ 무료 프라그마틱] such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or [https://platform.giftedsoulsent.com/pragmaticplay4326 프라그마틱 슬롯] indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and [https://crownmatch.com/@pragmaticplay8236 프라그마틱 사이트] the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax,  [https://www.honkaistarrail.wiki/index.php?title=User:Pragmaticplay1669 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 03:16, 26 December 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they speak in terms?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research it is still young and 프라그마틱 데모 its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It focuses on how one word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.

There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of language. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, 프라그마틱 focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, 무료 프라그마틱 such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or 프라그마틱 슬롯 indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and 프라그마틱 사이트 the expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the most important areas of research include computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작 or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined, and that they are the same thing.

The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain instances fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others believe that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.